Appetite: the historical origin of knowledge. Unamuno, Life 2.3
Where
does knowledge originate? A question without final answers. But
historical research suggests that its efficient raison d'être is to
facilitate life. We perceive what need to survive. But humanity
perceives more than that: what it could need, what it needed in the
past, what it desires. And thus our knowledge is dangerous, and also
incredibly powerful. <Spanish>.
Mucho
han disputado y mucho seguirán todavía disputando los hombres, ya
que a sus disputas fue entregado el mundo, sobre el origen del
conocimiento; mas dejando ahora para más adelante lo que de ello sea
en las hondas entrañas de la existencia, es lo averiguado y cierto
que en el orden aparencial de las cosas, en la vida de los seres
dotados de algún conocer o percibir, más o menos brumoso, o que por
sus actos parecen estar dotados de él, el conocimiento se nos
muestra ligado a la necesidad de vivir y de procurarse sustento para
lograrlo. Es una secuela de aquella esencia misma del ser, que,
según Spinoza, consiste en el conato por perseverar
indefinidamente en su ser mismo. Con términos en que la concreción
raya acaso en grosería, cabe decir que el cerebro, en cuanto a su
función, depende del estómago. En los seres que figuran en lo más
abajo de la escala de los vivientes, los actos que presentan
caracteres de voluntariedad, los que parecen ligados a una conciencia
más o menos clara, son actos que se enderezan a procurarse
subsistencia el ser que los ejecuta.
Tal
es el origen que podemos llamar histórico del conocimiento, sea cual
fuere su origen en otro respecto. Los seres que parecen dotados de
percepción, perciben para poder vivir, y sólo en cuanto para vivir
lo necesitan, perciben. Pero tal vez, atesorados estos conocimientos
que empezaron siendo útiles y dejaron de serlo, han llegado a
constituir un caudal que sobrepuja con mucho al necesario para la
vida.
Folk
have argued a great deal over the origins of knowledge, and they will
certainly argue more in future, now that their private disputes have
been published to the world at large. Leaving the resolution of that
inquiry into the deepest bowels of our existence for another time,
there is nevertheless something we know for certain, at least as far
as the apparent world is concerned, about creatures possessed of
knowledge or perception, however foggy—or, at any rate, about
creatures whose actions seem informed: their knowledge appears bound
to the material necessities of life, to the quest for acquiring
nourishment that life must have. This is one consequence of the
essence of being that, according to Spinoza,
consists in the attempt to persist indefinitely in some existential
state. To put the matter crudely: it is correct to say that the brain
depends, as far as its function is concerned, upon the belly. In the
lowest beings on the ladder of life, actions that show some evidence
of will, that appear bound to a consciousness more or less clear, are
those calculated to procure subsistence for the being that executes
them.
This
is what we can call the historical origin of knowledge, whatever its
origin might be in some other respect. Beings endowed with perception
use it to be able to live, as far as we can tell, and their
perception is limited by their need: they know only what they
require. But perhaps the historical
accumulation of such knowledge over time—of perceptions that
were once useful but have ceased to be so—has created a stream of
consciousness that far exceeds what is necessary for life.