Beyond Philosophy

~ Unamuno conceives faith as a process whereby we imagine the world as a divine person. This is only possible, really, because the world acts in us to make such a revelation desirable, before we are consciously or deliberately aware of it. Seeing God in the world is only possible because he operates within us to make such a vision possible, compelling, desirable. Why do we see anything? For Unamuno, the answer is that God wants to reveal himself to us. When we see him there, outside, we recognize him here, within ourselves. Not as something we control or define, with perfect clarity, but as someone we can love, and make, and believe in. ~ Mas, aunque decimos que la fe es cosa de la voluntad, mejor sería acaso decir que es la voluntad misma, la voluntad de no morir, o más bien otra potencia anímica distinta de la inteligencia, de la voluntad y del sentimiento. Tendríamos, pues, el sentir, el conocer, el querer y el creer, o sea crear. Porque ni el sentimiento, ni la inteligencia, ni...

 ~ Seneca warns Lucilius against those who render philosophy as pedantic word-play, a game of making & arguing verbal definitions. ~ O pueriles ineptias! in hoc supercilia subduximus? in hoc barbam demisimus? hoc est quod tristes docemus et pallidi? Vis scire quid philosophia promittat generi humano? consilium. Alium mors vocat, alium paupertas urit, alium divitiae vel alienae torquent vel suae; ille malam fortunam horret, hic se felicitati suae subducere cupit; hunc homines male habent, illum dii. Quid mihi lusoria ista componis? non est iocandi locus: ad miseros advocatus es. Opem laturum te naufragis, captis, aegris, egentibus, intentae securi subiectum praestantibus caput pollicitus es: quo diverteris? quid agis? Hic cum quo ludis timet: succurre, quidquid laqueti respondentium poenis (†) . Omnes undique ad te manus tendunt, perditae vitae perituraeque auxilium aliquod implorant, in te spes opesque sunt; rogant ut ex tanta illos volutatione extrahas, ut disiectis et er...

 ~ Marcus advises himself to avoid carrying pride or grudges to the grave, which awaits all of humanity as something natural (& in his mind, good, though we commonly regard it as evil). ~ Ἐννόει συνεχῶς παντοίους ἀνθρώπους καὶ παντοίων μὲν ἐπιτηδευμάτων, παντοδαπῶν δὲ ἐθνῶν τεθνεῶτας, ὥστε κατιέναι τοῦτο μέχρι Φιλιστίωνος καὶ Φοίβου καὶ Ὀριγανίωνος. μέτιθι νῦν ἐπὶ τὰ ἄλλα φῦλα· ἐκεῖ δὴ μεταβαλεῖν ἡμᾶς δεῖ ὅπου τοσοῦτοι μὲν δεινοὶ ῥήτορες, τοσοῦτοι δὲ σεμνοὶ φιλόσοφοι, Ἡράκλειτος, Πυθαγόρας, Σωκράτης, τοσοῦτοι δὲ ἥρωες πρότερον, τοσοῦτοι δὲ ὕστερον στρατηγοί, τύραννοι· ἐπὶ τούτοις δὲ Εὔδοξος, Ἵππαρχος, Ἀρχιμήδης, ἄλλαι φύσεις ὀξεῖαι, μεγαλόφρονες, φιλόπονοι, πανοῦργοι, αὐθάδεις, αὐτῆς τῆς ἐπικήρου καὶ ἐφημέρου τῶν ἀνθρώπων ζωῆς χλευασταί, οἷον Μένιππος καὶ ὅσοι τοιοῦτοι. περὶ πάντων τούτων ἐννόει ὅτι πάλαι κεῖνται· τί οὖν τοῦτο δεινὸν αὐτοῖς; τί δαὶ τοῖς μηδ’ ὀνομαζομένοις ὅλως; ἓν ὧδε πολλοῦ ἄξιον, τὸ μετ’ ἀληθείας καὶ δικαιοσύνης εὐμενῆ τοῖς ψεύσταις καὶ ἀδίκοις διαβιοῦν....

~ Unamuno sees belief or faith (he does not distinguish the two) as active commitment that necessarily transcends any kind of intellectual conviction. The latter is not sufficient to inspire lively action, which needs more will than it is ever capable of drawing down. ~ Mas, por otra parte, este elemento personal de la creencia le da un carácter afectivo, amoroso y sobre todo, en la fe religiosa, el referirse a lo que se espera. Apenas hay quien sacrificara la vida por mantener que los tres ángulos de un triángulo valgan dos rectos, pues tal verdad no necesita del sacrificio de nuestra vida; mas, en cambio, muchos han perdido la vida por mantener su fe religiosa, y es que los mártires hacen la fe más aún que la fe los mártires. Pues la fe no es la mera adhesión del intelecto a un principio abstracto, no es el reconocimiento de una verdad teórica en que la voluntad no hace sino movernos a entender; la fe es cosa de la voluntad, es movimiento del ánimo hacia una verdad práctica, hacia u...

~ Seneca plays a riddle-game with Lucilius, mocking the way pedants pose & solve rhetorical problems (like the problem of overdefining friendship). This is either a completely new epistle (as some MSS have it), or a continuation of the one before (as others record). ~ Mus syllaba est; mus autem caseum rodit; syllaba ergo caseum rodit. Puta nunc me istuc non posse solvere: quod mihi ex ista inscientia periculum imminet? quod incommodum? Sine dubio verendum est ne quando in muscipulo syllabas capiam, aut ne quando, si neglegentior fuero, caseum liber comedat. Nisi forte illa acutior est collectio: mus syllaba est; syllaba autem caseum non rodit; mus ergo caseum non rodit. The word mouse is a single syllable. Mouse gnaws nummy cheese (†). So a single syllable consumes three. Imagine that I am incapable of solving this riddle. What danger threatens me, because of the ignorance that keeps me from solving it? Where is my difficulty or discomfort, here? No doubt we must fear that I may...

~ Sometimes, Marcus just waves his fist at the sky. Too much regularity in our experience of the world is painful, as is too little. ~ Ὥσπερ προσίσταταί σοι τὰ ἐν τῷ ἀμφιθεάτρῳ καὶ τοῖς τοιούτοις χωρίοις ὡς ἀεὶ τὰ αὐτὰ ὁρώμενα, καὶ τὸ ὁμοειδὲς προσκορῆ τὴν θέαν ποιεῖ, τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ ὅλου τοῦ βίου πάσχεις· πάντα γὰρ ἄνω κάτω τὰ αὐτὰ καὶ ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν. μέχρι τίνος οὖν; The same events are always starting up before your eyes in the arena and other public venues. Familiarity makes these spectacles boring, so that you become weary of witnessing them. This you suffer with all your life. Always the same things going up and down, from the same origins. To what end?

~ In Unamuno's view, belief requires some personal confidence whose referent is eventually future (and so unknown to creatures like ourselves, which dwell in the present & see the past rather than the future). The future is unknown until it manifests as present, & the past is vulnerable always to lies (in good faith, when we deceive ourselves unknowingly, and bad, when we deceive others on purpose). Faith is the bridge that we create between what we know (a past whose appearance in our memory is eternally suspect) and what we don't (a future that is invisible & unknown, essentially unknowable). This faith is not strictly belief, per se, but Unamuno will take both faith & belief as referring ultimately to the same thing: personal confidence in the universal Person(s) known as God. ~ Y como la persona es una voluntad y la voluntad se refiere siempre al porvenir, el que cree, cree en lo que vendrá, esto es, en lo que espera. No se cree, en rigor, lo que es y lo qu...