Beyond Philosophy

~ How can we improve our moral character? One method that Marcus recommends to himself: we should take time to see the best in the characters with whom we live. Railing at the wicked should not consume all, or the most important part, of our lives. ~ Ὅταν εὐφρᾶναι σεαυτὸν θέλῃς, ἐνθυμοῦ τὰ προτερήματα τῶν συμβιούντων· οἷον τοῦ μὲν τὸ δραστήριον, τοῦ δὲ τὸ αἰδῆμον, τοῦ δὲ τὸ εὐμετάδοτον, ἄλλου δὲ ἄλλο τι. οὐδὲν γὰρ οὕτως εὐφραίνει ὡς τὰ ὁμοιώματα τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐμφαινόμενα τοῖς ἤθεσι τῶν συζώντων καὶ ἀθρόα ὡς οἷόν τε συμπίπτοντα. διὸ καὶ πρόχειρα αὐτὰ ἑκτέον. Whenever you wish to cheer yourself up, think on the real achievements of those who live with you. Consider the activity that one of them has, the modesty expressed by another, the generosity of a third, and so on. There is nothing so cheering as the appearance of virtues in the habits of our fellowmen, especially when these virtues manifest as close and thick as possible. For they are then right at your own hand, ready to be grasped.

~ Unamuno conceives faith as a process whereby we imagine the world as a divine person. This is only possible, really, because the world acts in us to make such a revelation desirable, before we are consciously or deliberately aware of it. Seeing God in the world is only possible because he operates within us to make such a vision possible, compelling, desirable. Why do we see anything? For Unamuno, the answer is that God wants to reveal himself to us. When we see him there, outside, we recognize him here, within ourselves. Not as something we control or define, with perfect clarity, but as someone we can love, and make, and believe in. ~ Mas, aunque decimos que la fe es cosa de la voluntad, mejor sería acaso decir que es la voluntad misma, la voluntad de no morir, o más bien otra potencia anímica distinta de la inteligencia, de la voluntad y del sentimiento. Tendríamos, pues, el sentir, el conocer, el querer y el creer, o sea crear. Porque ni el sentimiento, ni la inteligencia, ni...

 ~ Seneca warns Lucilius against those who render philosophy as pedantic word-play, a game of making & arguing verbal definitions. ~ O pueriles ineptias! in hoc supercilia subduximus? in hoc barbam demisimus? hoc est quod tristes docemus et pallidi? Vis scire quid philosophia promittat generi humano? consilium. Alium mors vocat, alium paupertas urit, alium divitiae vel alienae torquent vel suae; ille malam fortunam horret, hic se felicitati suae subducere cupit; hunc homines male habent, illum dii. Quid mihi lusoria ista componis? non est iocandi locus: ad miseros advocatus es. Opem laturum te naufragis, captis, aegris, egentibus, intentae securi subiectum praestantibus caput pollicitus es: quo diverteris? quid agis? Hic cum quo ludis timet: succurre, quidquid laqueti respondentium poenis (†) . Omnes undique ad te manus tendunt, perditae vitae perituraeque auxilium aliquod implorant, in te spes opesque sunt; rogant ut ex tanta illos volutatione extrahas, ut disiectis et er...

 ~ Marcus advises himself to avoid carrying pride or grudges to the grave, which awaits all of humanity as something natural (& in his mind, good, though we commonly regard it as evil). ~ Ἐννόει συνεχῶς παντοίους ἀνθρώπους καὶ παντοίων μὲν ἐπιτηδευμάτων, παντοδαπῶν δὲ ἐθνῶν τεθνεῶτας, ὥστε κατιέναι τοῦτο μέχρι Φιλιστίωνος καὶ Φοίβου καὶ Ὀριγανίωνος. μέτιθι νῦν ἐπὶ τὰ ἄλλα φῦλα· ἐκεῖ δὴ μεταβαλεῖν ἡμᾶς δεῖ ὅπου τοσοῦτοι μὲν δεινοὶ ῥήτορες, τοσοῦτοι δὲ σεμνοὶ φιλόσοφοι, Ἡράκλειτος, Πυθαγόρας, Σωκράτης, τοσοῦτοι δὲ ἥρωες πρότερον, τοσοῦτοι δὲ ὕστερον στρατηγοί, τύραννοι· ἐπὶ τούτοις δὲ Εὔδοξος, Ἵππαρχος, Ἀρχιμήδης, ἄλλαι φύσεις ὀξεῖαι, μεγαλόφρονες, φιλόπονοι, πανοῦργοι, αὐθάδεις, αὐτῆς τῆς ἐπικήρου καὶ ἐφημέρου τῶν ἀνθρώπων ζωῆς χλευασταί, οἷον Μένιππος καὶ ὅσοι τοιοῦτοι. περὶ πάντων τούτων ἐννόει ὅτι πάλαι κεῖνται· τί οὖν τοῦτο δεινὸν αὐτοῖς; τί δαὶ τοῖς μηδ’ ὀνομαζομένοις ὅλως; ἓν ὧδε πολλοῦ ἄξιον, τὸ μετ’ ἀληθείας καὶ δικαιοσύνης εὐμενῆ τοῖς ψεύσταις καὶ ἀδίκοις διαβιοῦν....

~ Unamuno sees belief or faith (he does not distinguish the two) as active commitment that necessarily transcends any kind of intellectual conviction. The latter is not sufficient to inspire lively action, which needs more will than it is ever capable of drawing down. ~ Mas, por otra parte, este elemento personal de la creencia le da un carácter afectivo, amoroso y sobre todo, en la fe religiosa, el referirse a lo que se espera. Apenas hay quien sacrificara la vida por mantener que los tres ángulos de un triángulo valgan dos rectos, pues tal verdad no necesita del sacrificio de nuestra vida; mas, en cambio, muchos han perdido la vida por mantener su fe religiosa, y es que los mártires hacen la fe más aún que la fe los mártires. Pues la fe no es la mera adhesión del intelecto a un principio abstracto, no es el reconocimiento de una verdad teórica en que la voluntad no hace sino movernos a entender; la fe es cosa de la voluntad, es movimiento del ánimo hacia una verdad práctica, hacia u...

~ Seneca plays a riddle-game with Lucilius, mocking the way pedants pose & solve rhetorical problems (like the problem of overdefining friendship). This is either a completely new epistle (as some MSS have it), or a continuation of the one before (as others record). ~ Mus syllaba est; mus autem caseum rodit; syllaba ergo caseum rodit. Puta nunc me istuc non posse solvere: quod mihi ex ista inscientia periculum imminet? quod incommodum? Sine dubio verendum est ne quando in muscipulo syllabas capiam, aut ne quando, si neglegentior fuero, caseum liber comedat. Nisi forte illa acutior est collectio: mus syllaba est; syllaba autem caseum non rodit; mus ergo caseum non rodit. The word mouse is a single syllable. Mouse gnaws nummy cheese (†). So a single syllable consumes three. Imagine that I am incapable of solving this riddle. What danger threatens me, because of the ignorance that keeps me from solving it? Where is my difficulty or discomfort, here? No doubt we must fear that I may...